English Writing

Weed species were classified into three groups, namely, ‘winter annual broad-leaved’, ‘summer annual broad-leaved,’ and ‘grassy weeds.’  Winter annual broad-leaved species were expected to be favoured by crop sequences with 100% winter crops such as in S1, summer annual broad-leaved species were expected to be favoured by crop sequences including spring and summer crops such as in IWM-based systems,  and grassy weeds (mainly A. myosuroides) were expected to be favoured both by winter crop sequences and by reduced tillage (S2). 

In 1990, Australia actually had the highest rice productivity followed by the USA and China, whereas Pakistan and Nepal had the lowest productivity (Table 2).  In 2006, USA had the highest rice productivity followed by Australia and China; however, from 1990-2006, rice productivity in Australia decreased by 0.284 (for reasons noted earlier) yet it increased in all other countries.  The highest increase in productivity was in Pakistan, followed by Myanmar and USA.

The amount of NIHL (noise-induced hearing loss) anticipated to result from specific noise-exposure levels can be predicted with a model published by the International Organization for Standardization.27  This model allows users to estimate the amount of NIHL expected to result from chronic 8-hour equivalent continuous average (Leq) noise exposures between 75 and 100 dBA or 24 -hour Leq exposures between 70-95 dBA.  The model permits the estimation of median values of expected NIHL as well as values for the 0.05 to 0.95 fractiles among an exposed population for given exposure levels and durations. …

 
The institutional review board (IRB) at Virginia Commonwealth University approved the study protocol and informed consent was obtained according to the IRB procedures. Data were collected in two waves that corresponded with local public school terms, Enrolled parents first completed and returned the initial questionnaire by mail.  Prior to the start of the 12-week data collection period, participants received an instructional letter, examples illustrating how to complete a daily measure, 24 related daily measures, and 24 postage-paid return envelopes.  Training was provided by telephone to participants in how to complete the daily measures.  …

One way that gender can become salient is from the topic around which the conversation centers (cf. Palomares, Bradac,, & Kellermann, 2006).  On the basis of a review and meta-analysis, Bischoping (1993) concluded that men and women generally tend to talk about different topics.  For example, men talk about sports more than women do, whereas women are more likely to talk about fashion/clothing than are men (Haas & Sherman, 1982).  People not only display gender differences in topical but the also have stereotyped notions of what topics are feminine and what topics are masculine (Hills, 2000; Martin, 1997). …

Psychological safety refers to individuals’ perceptions of the consequences of taking interpersonal risks in their work environment (Edmondson, 1999, 2004).  A belief that an individual is psychologically safe means that he or she feels able to show and employ his or herself without fear of negative consequences to self-image, status, or career (Kahn, 1990, p. 708). In the workplace it consists of basic beliefs about how others will respond when an individual employee chooses to act in a way that may be risky (e.g.,asking a question, seeking feedback, reporting a mistake, or proposing a new idea) (Cannon & Edmondson, 2001; Edmondson, 2004).

Of 157 women screened, 141 (89.8%) were eligible for the study and 136 (96.5%) of those eligible consented to participate and completed data collection.  All data collection was  completed in person.  The first author was available to answer questions and assist participants with physical disabilities (i.e. to provide help with reading or marking or writing).  Data were collected from August 22, 2006 to May 1, 2007 in New York City.