หลักการเขียนภาษาอังกฤษ:
การใช้คำ การเขียนประโยค ย่อหน้า และข้อความต่อเนื่อง
Summary, Paraphrase, and Synthesis Writing
(การเขียนสรุปความ ถอดความ สังเคราะห์)
4. ACTIVITIES: SUMMARY, PARAPHRASE, AND SYNTHESIS WRITING
Activity 11
Write a summary and paraphrase of the following statements.
- Original text: Writing a summary
Academic writing builds on the works of others. A chemist investigating a new, inexpensive way to produce hydrogen as an alternative fuel to gasoline will refer to earlier research in order to help readers understand the context of her present research. An economist analyzing the impact of increasing the minimum wage will refer to earlier analyses in order to establish comparisons. Each time you write a research paper, you refer to the work of others in an effort to blend ideas and information in a single, coherent discussion. Before using sources in your own work, you must understand them. And the most direct way to express your understanding is to write a summary—a brief, objective restatement of the source in your own words.
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2. Original text: Academic Argument Defined
Academic writers use argument as a tool for understanding how the world works or ought to work and how we attach meaning to our actions and creations. Within the university, an argument is undertaken less as an expression of disagreement than as an effort to build knowledge. Researchers—your instructors included—make observations and present findings as written arguments to be published in journals or delivered to colleagues at conferences. They know as they write that others may raise challenges and that, when challenged, they themselves will respond. Through this process of argument and counterargument, researchers build knowledge and make decisions.
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3. Original text: Analysis
An analysis is an argument in which you study the parts of something to understand what it is made of, how it works, what it means, what its problems may be, or why it might be significant. In academic settings, researchers analyze every subject imaginable: from cliff diving to sculpture, from the birth of galaxies to blood flow, from the courtship behavior of orangutans to the emigration patterns of Monarch butterflies. In each case the researcher uses an analytical tool: With it, you can examine the skin cells from the back of your hand and see details invisible to the naked eye. But change the tool—use an x-ray machine, for instance—and you will see something else entirely.
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