A total of 53 questionnaires were sent out and 33 were returned.  The questionnaires focused on the language competences of the academic and included a detailed section on their acquisition and current use of the English language in the pursuit of their work activity, which was divided into teaching, research, supervisory and dissemination activities; …

Overall, there were 112 tailor-made tests administered to the learners.  They included a total of 675 test items measuring the same number of error correction episodes. 24% of the tailor-made tests were coded as implicit corrections and 76% of the tailor made tests were coded as explicit corrections.

…for this study were taken from a sample of 556 students attending a large Eastern university in the United States and a large university in Northern Mainland China. … responded to a series of items that targeted their major cultural/ethnic backgrounds …

Students at a western university earned course credit by participating in the experiment (N=29; 58.1% women; age: M=20.50 years, SD=2.27 years).

The e-mail procedure was modeled after Palomares (2004, 2008).  Participants arrived at a laboratory and sat at a desk with a computer. A research assistant, who was unaware of the hypotheses, told participants that the research examines the e-mail messages people send to each other, that …