English Writing

Function

Signaling words

Examples

Addition
เพิ่มเติมข้อมูล

again, also, and, then,
besides, equally important, finally, moreover, next, second, furthermore

Furthermore, although attitudes to the tasks students are asked to perform have been noted as an important consideration in explaining students’ willingness to actively contribute to the task, there has been relatively little classroom-based research on learners’ attitude toward such tasks.

Attitude
บอกทัศนคติ

admittedly, certainly, fortunately, luckily, oddly enough, strangely enough, undoubtedly, unfortunately, interestingly

Interestingly, only four students identified grammar or pronunciation as problematic.

Comparison
เปรียบเทียบเหมือน/ต่าง

likewise, similarly, unlike

… Similarly, five out of the six students claiming pronunciation accuracy as a strength, did not report feeling anxious either.

Concession
บอกความแย้ง

although, even though, despite, in spite of

Although no significant difference (Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed-ranks Test, p>0.5) was found between the weeks 4 and 12 self ratings of fluency, pronunciation and turn taking, learners’ perception of their linguistic abilities evolved in a positive direction over the semester (Table 1).

Condition
บอกเงื่อนไข

in this case, then, provided that, if

If this is the case, then learning collocation incidentally may be a rare occurrence because the number of words that would be needed to encounter the same collocation twice would be much greater than those needed to encounter the same word twice, and research indicates that at least eight encounters are needed to learn a word’s meaning (Horst, Cobb, & Meara; Waring & Takaki; Webb, 2007a).

Contrast
บอกความแตกต่าง

in contrast, on the contrary, but

On the contrary, six out of the seven grammatically oriented students were prone to anxiety during oral interaction.

Emphasis
เน้น

certainly, indeed, in fact, of course, in particular

In particular, more students found it easy or very easy to express themselves fluently (a combined 51.7 % of students in week 12, as opposed to 41.4% in week 4), suggesting that the confidence level of most students increased
.

Example or illustration
ให้ตัวอย่าง

for instance, for example, in conclusion, indeed, in short, truly, to illustrate, namely,

For example, communication anxiety can operate at the individual level (i.e., an anxious person,) or be triggered by the situational contexts (e.g. the language class) or by a particular event. 

Explanation
อธิบายข้อความที่นำมาเพิ่มเติม
 

in other words, that is to say, that is, this means …
 

Knowing whether gender is salient is useful, but knowing how it is salient (i.e., the prototype) is more effective.  That is, identifying the prototype of gender salience affords the ability to generate nuanced predictions in what differences, if any, will emerge and the nature of those differences (e.g., stereotypical, counterstereotypical, etc.)

… That is, the model predicted that high levels of perceived competence combined with low levels of anxiety would lead to greater WTC and in turn more frequent communication in the L2.

Generalization
แสดงนัยทั่วไป

as a rule, for the most part, generally, normally, in most cases, typically

Typically, learners are expected to read (e.g. a few pages of the novel and a journal article) and/or complete a task for homework.

Stating the obvious
บอกว่าเรื่องที่จะกล่าวถึงชัดเจน

after all, as one might expect, clearly, it goes without saying, naturally, obviously

Vocabulary was clearly an area of concern, particularly at the beginning of the semester.

Obviously, it is difficult for learners to become self-directed when learning is planned and monitored by someone else, and therefore, students can be taught to make plans for learning activities including estimating time requirements, organizing materials, and scheduling procedures necessary to complete and activity.

Summary
สรุป

all in all, altogether, as has  been said, in conclusion, on the whole, in summary, to summarize

To summarize, recent theoretical discussions of the construct WTC have emphasized the need to collect data that capture the dynamic nature of this construct.

Support
สนับสนุน

actually, as a matter of fact, indeed

Indeed,  according to Hu (2001), changes in language education policy have brought about qualitatively different contexts for language teaching and learning in China, and –we would suggest—different generations of language learners, in principle, might therefore demonstrate features of strategy use that are typical of different historical periods.

Time sequences
เรียงลำดับเวลา

at first, afterward, again, also, then before, besides, earlier, eventually, finally, formerly,
simultaneously, too, until now, then

Finally, two opposing perspectives on Chinese traditional culture tend to be resorted to in interpretation of learners’ language learning behaviours.